Error trait

Error reporting

In the previous exercise you had to destructure the TitleError variant to extract the error message and pass it to the panic! macro.
This is a (rudimentary) example of error reporting: transforming an error type into a representation that can be shown to a user, a service operator, or a developer.

It's not practical for each Rust developer to come up with their own error reporting strategy: it'd be a waste of time and it wouldn't compose well across projects. That's why Rust provides the std::error::Error trait.

The Error trait

There are no constraints on the type of the Err variant in a Result, but it's a good practice to use a type that implements the Error trait. Error is the cornerstone of Rust's error handling story:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
// Slightly simplified definition of the `Error` trait
pub trait Error: Debug + Display {}
}

You might recall the : syntax from the From trait—it's used to specify supertraits. For Error, there are two supertraits: Debug and Display. If a type wants to implement Error, it must also implement Debug and Display.

Display and Debug

We've already encountered the Debug trait in a previous exercise—it's the trait used by assert_eq! to display the values of the variables it's comparing when the assertion fails.

From a "mechanical" perspective, Display and Debug are identical—they encode how a type should be converted into a string-like representation:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
// `Debug`
pub trait Debug {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>;
}

// `Display`
pub trait Display {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>;
}
}

The difference is in their purpose: Display returns a representation that's meant for "end-users", while Debug provides a low-level representation that's more suitable to developers and service operators.
That's why Debug can be automatically implemented using the #[derive(Debug)] attribute, while Display requires a manual implementation.

Exercise

The exercise for this section is located in 05_ticket_v2/09_error_trait